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      一般的(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)是以(yi)塑(su)料(liao)和(he)橡(xiang)膠為(wei)絕緣護套(tao)，這(zhe)些(xie)材(cai)料(liao)都是常規程材(cai)料(liao)，具有豐(feng)富的(de)來源(yuan)，能(neng)夠(gou)滿足大規模生(sheng)產(chan)，而且成本(ben)相對較低。但對于一些(xie)行業如石(shi)油化(hua)工、鋼鐵(tie)、航(hang)空航(hang)天、造船、軍工、制藥(yao)、食品、塑(su)料(liao)機械、鍋爐(lu)等與熱與高溫有關的(de)行業，都需要能(neng)夠(gou)耐(nai)較高溫度的(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)，普通的(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)顯(xian)然不能(neng)使用，需能(neng)耐(nai)溫的(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)才能(neng)保證其(qi)電力和(he)信號(hao)的(de)運行。

 　 隨(sui)著我國(guo)經濟快速發展，特(te)種行業(ye)對(dui)高(gao)(gao)溫電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)需(xu)求已顯高(gao)(gao)速增長階(jie)斷，耐熱(re)和高(gao)(gao)溫電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)每年(nian)以(yi)20%的(de)(de)速度增長，高(gao)(gao)溫電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)作(zuo)(zuo)為特(te)種電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)重要組成部分，具有強(qiang)的(de)(de)生命力(li)，供不(bu)應(ying)求，我國(guo)每年(nian)從國(guo)外(wai)約二十億元用(yong)于國(guo)內建設(she)。下面我們了解一(yi)下什么樣的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)溫度稱為耐熱(re)與高(gao)(gao)溫電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

 　  我們普通用(yong)的電線電纜絕(jue)緣和護套為(wei)普通工程(cheng)橡膠和塑(su)料為(wei)基本樹(shu)脂，但(dan)要求是(shi)絕(jue)緣級的。

      常見電纜(lan)用(yong)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)材料有(you)：丁本橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、乙丙(bing)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)、橡(xiang)膠(jiao)和氯(lv)(lv)磺化聚乙烯(xi)等，工作溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)(60～75)℃;常見電纜(lan)用(yong)塑(su)料材料有(you)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(包括交聯聚乙烯(xi))和聚丙(bing)烯(xi)等，工作溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)(70～90)℃。由(you)此可見，這(zhe)些電纜(lan)不(bu)是嚴(yan)格意義(yi)上(shang)的耐熱或高(gao)溫(wen)電纜(lan)。

 　  耐熱電纜(lan)(lan)一(yi)般指(90～155)℃及以下的電纜(lan)(lan)，而高溫電纜(lan)(lan)則是(shi)180℃及以上的電纜(lan)(lan)。而要解決普通電纜(lan)(lan)的狀況，則是(shi)要對材料(liao)進(jin)行改進(jin)，或(huo)使用能夠(gou)絕緣級材料(liao)。

 　　二(er)、耐熱(re)和高(gao)溫電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)的主(zhu)要特(te)點 

　　耐熱和高溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)由(you)兩種需求決(jue)定的。一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜環境溫度較高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜在長期在高溫下能夠正常傳輸(shu)(shu)信號或電(dian)(dian)(dian)能;另一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)傳輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，主要是(shi)(shi)增加(jia)截(jie)流能力(li)為(wei)主要目的。

 　 高溫環(huan)境下(xia)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)電(dian)纜。普通電(dian)纜在高溫時易產生絕緣老化和(he)焦燒現象，使(shi)用電(dian)纜失去(qu)性(xing)能，受破壞而不能使(shi)用。高溫電(dian)纜在額定高溫下(xia)能夠正常穩定地工作(zuo)，信號或電(dian)能傳輸性(xing)能不受影響，還能保證電(dian)纜具有較長的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命。這類功(gong)能電(dian)纜是高溫電(dian)纜常見的(de)(de)一種(zhong)，使(shi)用特(te)性(xing)也易于理解的(de)(de)。

 　　增載(zai)型高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，主(zhu)要(yao)是為了保證載(zai)流(liu)的(de)(de)前題(ti)下減(jian)小電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)外(wai)徑和重量(liang)(liang)，向輕量(liang)(liang)化發展的(de)(de)。一(yi)般來說，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)工(gong)作溫(wen)(wen)度越(yue)高(gao)，同(tong)樣截(jie)面的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)通過的(de)(de)載(zai)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)越(yue)大(da)。象飛機和汽車等場(chang)合，減(jian)輕重量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)意義相當大(da)，利用高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少了截(jie)面。工(gong)作溫(wen)(wen)度從(cong)90℃升到155℃，則載(zai)流(liu)能力上(shang)升50%，同(tong)樣載(zai)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)下，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)重量(liang)(liang)要(yao)減(jian)輕一(yi)半，成本也有所(suo)降低。當然高(gao)截(jie)流(liu)的(de)(de)同(tong)時，大(da)多數(shu)絕緣材料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能損(sun)耗也會有所(suo)增加。

 　　三、耐(nai)熱(re)型電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜 　　耐(nai)熱(re)型電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜分：耐(nai)熱(re)材(cai)料和(he)普通(tong)材(cai)料的耐(nai)熱(re)改性(xing)兩種。 

　　(一)耐熱材料的(de)電線電纜 

　　耐(nai)熱材料(liao)的電(dian)線電(dian)纜是絕緣(yuan)和護(hu)套(tao)(tao)材料(liao)本體(ti)樹(shu)脂具有耐(nai)熱性能，主要品種有：聚氨(an)脂(可達155℃級)、聚脂(可達135℃)、聚偏氟乙烯(150℃)和尼龍(可達115℃)的絕緣(yuan)或護(hu)套(tao)(tao)材料(liao)。常用于通信(xin)、汽車、電(dian)機(ji)、建筑等行業。

 　　(二)普通電纜材料通過各(ge)種方式的改性而達到耐熱性：

       YJV電(dian)力電(dian)纜

　　1、橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)料的(de)(de)耐(nai)熱(re)(re)改性(xing),橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)料因其耐(nai)熱(re)(re)性(xing)差，因而提高工(gong)作溫(wen)度的(de)(de)余(yu)度較(jiao)小(xiao)，普通(tong)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)填(tian)加較(jiao)多熱(re)(re)穩(wen)定劑(ji)和經交(jiao)聯處理才能達到90℃，因而不能稱為耐(nai)熱(re)(re)電(dian)纜，如丁(ding)苯橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氯(lv)(lv)丁(ding)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、氯(lv)(lv)磺化聚乙烯等(deng)。主要應用于(yu)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)絕緣移動用軟電(dian)線、橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)絕緣軟電(dian)力電(dian)纜和控制電(dian)纜等(deng)。但三元乙丙橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)可經改性(xing)，使耐(nai)溫(wen)等(deng)級(ji)提高到135℃，加上(shang)具有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)能，因而在橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)方面具有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)發展前景。

 　　2、聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)改性(xing)(xing),普通聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作溫度為70℃，聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)纜料的(de)(de)(de)(de)高可(ke)混性(xing)(xing)，使(shi)其改性(xing)(xing)成為可(ke)能(neng)，多量的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)穩(wen)定劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)，可(ke)便PVC 的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)熱(re)從70℃上升到(dao)90℃或105℃，因(yin)而大大擴(kuo)大了PVC 這種老式材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)性(xing)(xing)，也(ye)許這就是PVC 電(dian)纜長(chang)盛不衰的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)之一吧(ba)?90℃PVC 電(dian)纜料常用(yong)于交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)纜護套，主要(yao)用(yong)于電(dian)力(li)、控制和(he)電(dian)氣裝備線(xian)纜，由于PVC 的(de)(de)(de)(de)改性(xing)(xing)，使(shi)本可(ke)淘汰的(de)(de)(de)(de)PVC 電(dian)纜料在護套的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)上將會延續(xu)相(xiang)當長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間。聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)丁腈(jing)(jing)復合(he)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)成分是PVC，因(yin)而與聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)丁腈(jing)(jing)復合(he)物電(dian)纜與PVC 絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜具有相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)改性(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。

 　　3、聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)改性(xing) ,聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)塑性(xing)較好，但(dan)可填充性(xing)較差(cha)，因而不能(neng)(neng)(neng)填加熱(re)穩定劑方法提高耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)溫度(du)。聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)可通(tong)過DCP 干法化學交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)(he)硅烷溫水(shui)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)將(jiang)工(gong)作溫度(du)提高到90℃，前者用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，后者用(yong)于(yu)低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。但(dan)另一種交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)方式——輻照交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)改性(xing)，則可將(jiang)聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴(主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi))的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作溫度(du)大幅度(du)提高，經(jing)輻照的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣料(liao)(liao)可按(an)條件(jian)不同(tong)，耐(nai)(nai)溫可達(da)到105℃、125℃、135℃、150℃，國外則有能(neng)(neng)(neng)提高到180℃。主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)轉化成穩定的(de)(de)(de)鍵能(neng)(neng)(neng)，使其分子(zi)(zi)結構對熱(re)穩定性(xing)加強，同(tong)時配以適當的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)穩定劑，根據能(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)大小和(he)(he)熱(re)穩定劑的(de)(de)(de)效能(neng)(neng)(neng)，分為不同(tong)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)等級(ji)。輻照交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)工(gong)業常用(yong)加工(gong)設備為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)加速器，是(shi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)束高壓增(zeng)加能(neng)(neng)(neng)量，達(da)到交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費加工(gong)常用(yong)加速器能(neng)(neng)(neng)級(ji)為1.0 ~ 3MeV。輻照交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)還可對橡膠、PVC 和(he)(he)氟塑料(liao)(liao)等材料(liao)(liao)進行交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)。輻照交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)建筑線(xian)(xian)、汽車(che)線(xian)(xian)、航空導線(xian)(xian)、機車(che)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器引接(jie)線(xian)(xian)等。耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)中(zhong)等溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，具有耐(nai)(nai)熱(re)性(xing)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)適應溫度(du)環境。而應用(yong)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力傳輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)中(zhong)，在能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠保證絕(jue)緣性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)載流能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，減(jian)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)重量和(he)(he)截面，意義重大。