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江西電纜故障檢測(ce)查找方法

       對(dui)于直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)短(duan)路(lu)或(huo)斷線(xian)電(dian)纜故障用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表可直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)測量判(pan)斷；對(dui)于非直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)纜故障和接(jie)(jie)地電(dian)纜故障，用(yong)兆歐(ou)表遙測芯線(xian)間絕緣電(dian)阻(zu)或(huo)芯線(xian)對(dui)地絕緣電(dian)阻(zu)，根(gen)據其阻(zu)值可判(pan)斷電(dian)纜故障類型。

     ; 下面給(gei)大(da)家介紹電纜故障查找(zhao)的方(fang)法：

       零(ling)電位法(fa):零(ling)電位法(fa)也(ye)就是電位比較(jiao)法(fa)，它適(shi)應于(yu)長度較(jiao)短的電纜(lan)芯線(xian)對地故障，應用此方法(fa)測量簡便，不需(xu)要精密(mi)儀器和復雜(za)計(ji)算。

      測量原(yuan)理如下：將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障芯線與等(deng)長的(de)(de)比較(jiao)導(dao)線并聯，在b、c兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓VE時，相當于(yu)在兩(liang)(liang)個并聯的(de)(de)均(jun)勻電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻絲兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)接(jie)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，此時，一條電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻絲上的(de)(de)任何一點和另一條電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻絲上的(de)(de)對應(ying)點之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差必然為零(ling)，反之，電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差為零(ling)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)點必然是對應(ying)點。因為微伏表(biao)的(de)(de)負(fu)接(jie)地，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，所(suo)以，當微伏表(biao)的(de)(de)正在比較(jiao)導(dao)線上移(yi)動至指示值為零(ling)時的(de)(de)點與電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點的(de)(de)對應(ying)點。S為單相閘刀開關(guan)，E為6E蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)4節1號(hao)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，G為直流微伏表(biao)，

       測量步驟如下：

       1）先在b和(he)c相芯線(xian)(xian)上接上電(dian)池E，再在地面(mian)上敷(fu)設(she)一根與故障(zhang)電(dian)纜長度相等的(de)比較導線(xian)(xian)S，該(gai)導線(xian)(xian)要用(yong)裸(luo)銅線(xian)(xian)或裸(luo)鋁線(xian)(xian)，其截(jie)面(mian)應相等，不能有中(zhong)間接頭(tou)。

       2）將微伏表的(de)負接地(di)，正接一(yi)根較長(chang)的(de)軟導(dao)線(xian)，導(dao)線(xian)另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)要求(qiu)在敷設的(de)比較導(dao)線(xian)上(shang)滑動時能充分接觸。

       3）合上(shang)閘刀開關S，將軟導線(xian)的端頭在比較導線(xian)上(shang)滑(hua)動，當微伏表指示為零時的位置即為電纜故障點的位置。 

       高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)：高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)就是用(yong)雙臂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，再(zai)準確(que)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)實際長度，按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)長度與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正比例(li)關(guan)系，計算出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)。該方(fang)法(fa)對于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)間(jian)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)短(duan)路或短(duan)路點(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)小于(yu)(yu)1Ω的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障，判斷(duan)誤差一(yi)般(ban)不大(da)于(yu)(yu)3m，對于(yu)(yu)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)1Ω的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)加高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)燒穿的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)降(jiang)至1Ω以下，再(zai)按(an)此(ci)方(fang)法(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路時，測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)a與(yu)(yu)b之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)R1，R1=2RX+R其(qi)中RX為a相(xiang)或b相(xiang)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，只為短(duan)接(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)。再(zai)就電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋移到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)端(duan)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)a1與(yu)(yu)b1芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)R2，則R2=2R（L-X） R，R（L-X）為a1相(xiang)或b1相(xiang)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)完R1與(yu)(yu)R2后，再(zai)按(an)圖(tu)3所示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將b1與(yu)(yu)c1短(duan)路，測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)b、c兩相(xiang)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則該組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2為每(mei)(mei)相(xiang)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，用(yong)RL表示，RL=RX R（L-X），由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)得出(chu)(chu)(chu)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：R=R1 R2-2RL表，因此(ci)，故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)兩側芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)下式表示：RX=（R1-R）/2，R（L-X）=（R2-R）/2。RX、R（L-X）、RL三個數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)確(que)定后，按(an)比例(li)公式即可(ke)(ke)求出(chu)(chu)(chu)故(gu)(gu)障點(dian)(dian)(dian)距電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)端(duan)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離X或（L-X）：X=（RX/RL）L，（L-X）=（R（L-2）在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)末端(duan)在測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)每(mei)(mei)相(xiang)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ia1、Ib2、Ic3的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，以核對完好(hao)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)與(yu)(yu)斷(duan)線(xian)芯(xin)(xin)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)之(zhi)比，初步(bu)可(ke)(ke)判斷(duan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)斷(duan)線(xian)距離近(jin)似(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。

        3）根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)容量計算公式C=I/（2ΠfU）可(ke)知(zhi)，正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)U、頻(pin)率(lv)f不(bu)(bu)變(bian)時(shi)，C與I成(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)(bi)。因為工頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的f（頻(pin)率(lv)）不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，測量時(shi)只要保證施加電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，電(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)流(liu)之比(bi)(bi)(bi)即為電(dian)(dian)容量之比(bi)(bi)(bi)。設電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)全長(chang)為L，芯線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)點距(ju)離為X，則Ia/Ic=L/X，X=（IC/Ia）L。測量過(guo)程中，只要保證電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表讀書準確，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)總長(chang)度測量，其測定誤(wu)差比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)小(xiao)。 

        測(ce)聲(sheng)法(fa)(fa)：所(suo)謂測(ce)聲(sheng)法(fa)(fa)就(jiu)是(shi)根據故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)聲(sheng)音進行(xing)查(cha)找，該方(fang)法(fa)(fa)對于高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)芯線(xian)對絕(jue)緣(yuan)層閃絡放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。此方(fang)法(fa)(fa)所(suo)用設(she)備為(wei)直流耐壓(ya)試驗機(ji)。其(qi)中TB為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)試驗變壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，C為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)，VE為(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)整(zheng)流硅堆，R為(wei)限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，Q為(wei)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)球間隙，L為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)芯線(xian)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值時(shi)，球間隙對電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故障芯線(xian)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故障處電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)芯線(xian)對絕(jue)緣(yuan)層放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)“滋、滋”的(de)火花放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)，對于明敷設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)憑(ping)聽(ting)覺(jue)可直接查(cha)找，若為(wei)地(di)埋電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，則(ze)首(shou)先要確定并標明電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)向。查(cha)找時(shi)，將拾音器(qi)(qi)(qi)貼近地(di)面，沿電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)走向慢(man)慢(man)移動，當(dang)聽(ting)到“滋、滋”放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)時(shi)，該處即為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故障點。使用該方(fang)法(fa)(fa)要注意安荃，在試驗設(she)備端和電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)末端應(ying)設(she)專人監視。我公司生(sheng)產的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故障定位儀不僅可以(yi)測(ce)聲(sheng)，同時(shi)可以(yi)檢(jian)測(ce)磁信(xin)號，信(xin)號強(qiang)度直觀同步顯示(shi)，能夠(gou)更(geng)快(kuai)更(geng)準的(de)定位電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)故障點。